---
title: "HPV Test in Tirana: How It Works, Results | Klinika Gjata"
description: "HPV DNA test in Tirana, Albania: what it is, how it’s done, what a positive result means, HPV 16/18 and the vaccine. Book with Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elinda Gjata."
lang: en
url: https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/hpv-test/
alternates:
  sq: https://klinikagjata.com/sherbimet/ekografi-ekzaminime/test-hpv/
  en: https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/hpv-test/
  it: https://klinikagjata.com/it/servizi/ecografia-esami/test-hpv/
  fr: https://klinikagjata.com/fr/services/echographie-examens/test-hpv/
---

# The HPV test: a complete guide to HPV, the HPV DNA test and your results

> The HPV test (HPV DNA test) detects high-risk types of human papillomavirus in cells from the cervix, often many years before any cell changes appear. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends it as the primary cervical cancer screening test for women from age 30. At Klinika Gjata in Tirana, the HPV test, Pap test, colposcopy and biopsy are performed and interpreted by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elinda Gjata, an OB-GYN with more than 25 years of experience and a researcher in HPV prevention in Albania.

- **What it is:** A molecular (DNA) test for high-risk HPV types such as 16 and 18
- **Duration:** Taking the sample takes only a few minutes
- **Pain:** Usually painless; you may feel mild discomfort
- **Preparation:** Not during your period; no sex, douching or vaginal creams for 48 hours before
- **Who:** WHO: women from 30, every 5–10 years; as advised by your doctor
- **Result:** Positive or negative, often with HPV 16 and 18 genotyping
- **Where:** Klinika Gjata, Rruga Hasan Sufa, Tirana · +355 4 234 0059

## What is HPV? High-risk and low-risk types explained

HPV (human papillomavirus) is a group of very common viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. According to the WHO, more than 200 types of HPV are known. Most are harmless and clear on their own, without people ever knowing they had them.

HPV types fall into two main groups:

- Low-risk HPV: mainly types 6 and 11, which cause genital warts (condylomas). They are a nuisance but do not cause cancer.
- High-risk (oncogenic) HPV: the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies 12 types as carcinogenic: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59. When infection with these types persists for years, it can cause cell changes in the cervix that, if left untreated, can turn into cancer.

According to the WHO, almost all cases of cervical cancer are caused by high-risk HPV, and types 16 and 18 alone cause around 76% of them. High-risk HPV is also linked to some rarer cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis and oropharynx.

The key point: having HPV does not mean having cancer. According to the WHO, around 90% of infections are cleared by the immune system within 1–2 years. The risk comes only from infection that does not go away (persistent infection), and that is exactly what the HPV test detects, long before any harm is done.

## How common is HPV and how is it spread?

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. According to the NHS (UK National Health Service), most people will get some type of HPV during their lives. In the United States, the CDC estimates around 13 million new infections every year. Having HPV is an ordinary part of human sexual life, not a sign of anyone’s behaviour or hygiene.

How HPV spreads:

- through intimate skin-to-skin contact in the genital area;
- through vaginal, anal or oral sex;
- even without penetration, and from the very first sexual contact;
- even when a partner has no symptoms and does not know they carry the virus.

How it does not spread: HPV is not caught from toilet seats, swimming pools, shared towels or an ordinary kiss on the cheek. There is no blood test for HPV (NHS).

Why does it seem to appear “out of nowhere”? HPV can stay hidden (latent) in the body for months or years without any sign and be detected much later. A positive test therefore does not show when, or from whom, the infection was acquired. This matters especially for couples in long relationships: a positive result today does not mean infidelity.

Symptoms: most people with high-risk HPV have no symptoms at all. Genital warts come from low-risk types. Cell changes in the cervix are painless and invisible, which is why they are only found through screening.

## What is the HPV test and how is it different from a Pap test?

The HPV test (also called the HPV DNA test or high-risk HPV test, hrHPV) is a molecular test that looks for the genetic material of oncogenic HPV types in cells taken from the cervix. It answers the question: “Is a high-risk virus present?”

The Pap test (cytology) answers a different question: “Are there changed cells?” Under the microscope, a specialist looks for abnormal cells (for example ASC-US, LSIL, HSIL).

The main differences:

- What it looks for: the HPV test looks for the cause (the virus); the Pap test looks for the effect (cell changes).
- When it detects risk: the HPV test detects risk earlier, before cells change.
- Sensitivity: the HPV test is more sensitive for precancerous lesions, which is why the WHO recommends it as the primary test and allows longer intervals after a negative result.
- Specificity: the Pap test helps decide which HPV-positive women need colposcopy. This is called “triage”.
- Genotyping: many HPV tests report separately whether types 16 and 18, which carry the highest risk, are present.

You usually do not have to choose between them: both are often run on the same sample (co-testing), depending on your age and history. Your doctor decides the right combination for you.

## Who should have an HPV test, and when?

The WHO guideline for the general population is screening with an HPV DNA test every 5–10 years, starting at age 30. For women living with HIV, the WHO recommends starting at 25 with more frequent checks, because the infection can progress faster.

Why not before 30? In young women HPV is very common and usually clears by itself. Routine testing at this age would pick up many transient infections and cause needless anxiety. For younger women, the doctor may recommend a Pap test or a different plan.

Albania has a national cervical cancer screening programme based on the HPV test at public health centres. Ask your family doctor whether you are in the invited age group.

An HPV test may be particularly recommended when:

- you have an unclear Pap test result (for example ASC-US);
- you are being followed up after treatment of cervical lesions;
- you have not had a gynaecological check-up for years;
- you have a weakened immune system (HIV, transplant, immunosuppressive therapy);
- you have symptoms such as bleeding after sex or between periods (these need a consultation, not just a test).

Women vaccinated against HPV should still continue screening, because the vaccine does not protect against every oncogenic type.

The main rule: the right interval depends on your age, previous results and medical history. Follow the plan your gynaecologist gives you.

## How is the HPV test done? Step by step

The HPV test is done during an ordinary gynaecological visit, and taking the sample takes only a few minutes.

1. A short conversation: the doctor asks about your cycle, previous tests, pregnancy, contraception and any symptoms.
2. Getting ready: you undress from the waist down and lie on the examination couch. You can ask for a sheet to cover yourself.
3. The speculum: a small instrument (speculum) is gently inserted into the vagina so the cervix can be seen. Breathing slowly and relaxing your muscles makes this easier.
4. Taking the sample: a soft brush collects cells from the surface of the cervix. This takes a few seconds.
5. Preserving the sample: the brush is rinsed into a vial of special fluid (liquid-based cytology). Both the HPV test and the Pap test can be run from this one sample.
6. Finishing: the speculum is removed and you can get dressed. You can return to your normal activities straight away.
7. The laboratory: the sample is analysed with a molecular method for the DNA of high-risk HPV types, often with 16/18 genotyping.
8. Your result: the doctor tells you when it will be ready and explains what it means for you.

Does it hurt? Usually not. Some women feel pressure or mild discomfort when the speculum is inserted. A little spotting after the sample is normal. If you are anxious or have had difficult experiences before, say so. A smaller speculum can be used, and every step is explained before it happens.

## How should I prepare for an HPV test?

Preparation is simple and helps make sure the sample is of good quality:

- Book the test for a time when you are not on your period. Ideally it is around 5 days after your period ends and before mid-cycle.
- Avoid sex for 24–48 hours before the test.
- Do not use vaginal douches, creams, pessaries, lubricants or tampons for 48 hours before, unless prescribed by your doctor.
- If you are being treated for a vaginal infection, ask whether to wait until the treatment is finished.
- Bring previous Pap test, HPV test or colposcopy results if you have them.
- Tell the doctor if you are or might be pregnant, whether you have had the HPV vaccine, and whether you have any condition that weakens immunity.
- Wear something comfortable. A skirt or dress makes the visit easier.

You do not need to fast, stop your usual medicines or shave. Normal washing with water is enough.

## What does a positive HPV test mean? How to read your result

The HPV test result is usually reported as “negative” or “positive” for high-risk HPV. It often also states whether types 16 and/or 18 were found, or “other high-risk types”.

HPV negative:

- No high-risk HPV was found.
- The risk of developing a serious lesion in the coming years is very low. That is why the WHO allows the test to be repeated after 5–10 years.
- Your doctor will tell you when to repeat it, based on your age and history.

HPV positive:

- A high-risk type of HPV was found in cervical cells.
- It does not mean cancer. The vast majority of HPV-positive women do not have and will not develop cancer.
- Most infections clear by themselves within 1–2 years (WHO, NCI).
- It means follow-up is needed: to check whether there are cell changes and whether the virus persists.

HPV 16 and HPV 18: these two types carry the highest risk of progression. According to the WHO they cause around 76% of cervical cancers. When they are found, colposcopy is often recommended directly, even if the Pap test is normal. “Other high-risk types” (such as 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) are usually followed up with a Pap test and a repeat HPV test.

Timescale: according to the WHO, it usually takes 15–20 years for abnormal cells to become cancer, or 5–10 years in women with weakened immunity. So there is enough time to act, as long as you keep up with your check-ups.

A positive result says nothing about your partner’s fidelity or about hygiene. It may be an old infection that has only just been detected.

## What happens after a positive HPV test?

The steps after a positive test depend on the HPV type, the Pap test result, your age and your history. The usual pathway looks like this:

1. Pap test triage: if it was not done at the same time, cytology is often run on the same sample, without calling you back.
2. HPV 16/18 positive or abnormal Pap test: colposcopy is usually recommended. This is an examination of the cervix with a special microscope, after a mild solution is applied to highlight any changed areas.
3. Biopsy, if needed: during colposcopy a small piece of tissue may be taken from a suspicious area and sent for histological examination. This gives the definitive diagnosis (for example CIN1, CIN2, CIN3).
4. Other high-risk types and a normal Pap test: the test is usually repeated after about 12 months to see whether the virus has cleared.
5. Persistent HPV: if the virus is still present at successive checks, colposcopy is recommended.
6. Treating lesions: high-grade lesions (CIN2–3) are treated with procedures that remove the affected area. Low-grade lesions are often simply monitored, because many return to normal on their own.
7. Follow-up after treatment: the HPV test is used to check that treatment was successful.

There is no medicine that “kills” HPV, and neither antibiotics nor supplements clear it. What is treated are the changes the virus causes, and this is where screening plays the central role.

In the meantime you can support your immune system: stop smoking (tobacco makes it harder to clear the virus, according to the NCI), sleep and eat well, and do not skip your check-ups.

## HPV in pregnancy, HPV and fertility, HPV in men and partners

HPV and pregnancy: HPV usually does not affect the course of a pregnancy and in the vast majority of cases does not harm the baby. A sample for an HPV or Pap test can be taken carefully during pregnancy, and colposcopy can be done if needed. Treatment of mild lesions is usually postponed until after the birth. Genital warts can grow during pregnancy and should be checked by your doctor. The HPV vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy.

HPV and fertility: HPV itself does not cause infertility. Cervical lesions need timely treatment, and treatment procedures are planned with a woman’s wish for future pregnancy in mind. If you are planning a pregnancy or IVF, it is wise to have up-to-date cervical screening first. At Klinika Gjata, where infertility is one of the core specialities, this check is a natural part of pre-pregnancy assessment.

HPV in men: men also get and pass on HPV, usually without any symptoms. Most infections clear on their own. There is no approved routine screening test for men as there is for women. Genital warts are diagnosed by examination, and changes on the penis, anus or throat should be seen by the relevant doctor.

Partners: if you are HPV positive, your partner has very likely already shared the virus with you. There is no need to stop having sex, and your partner usually does not need to be tested. Condoms reduce the risk of transmission but do not eliminate it completely.

## HPV vaccine and prevention: who, when, and can adults get it?

The HPV vaccine is the most effective way to prevent infection with the types that cause most cervical cancers. All vaccines protect against HPV 16 and 18. The nine-valent vaccine also protects against five other high-risk types and against types 6 and 11, which cause genital warts.

Who and when:

- The WHO makes vaccinating girls aged 9–14, before they become sexually active, a priority, with 1 or 2 doses. People with weakened immunity need 2–3 doses.
- In Albania, the HPV vaccine has been part of the national immunisation calendar since November 2022 and is offered free of charge, starting with 13-year-old girls at public health centres. Ask your health centre about the current age group and details.
- Many countries also vaccinate boys, to protect them and to reduce circulation of the virus.

Can adults be vaccinated? Yes, the vaccine can also be given in adulthood. For example, the US CDC recommends vaccination up to age 26 and shared decision-making with a doctor for ages 27–45. The benefit is smaller than in adolescents, because many adults have already been exposed to some types. Even so, the vaccine can protect against types you have not yet had. Even after a positive test or treatment of lesions, vaccination can be discussed with your doctor. The vaccine does not cure an existing infection.

Other protective measures:

- Regular screening with an HPV test and/or Pap test, including for vaccinated women.
- Condoms: they reduce the risk but do not protect completely, because HPV can pass through skin that is not covered (NHS).
- Do not smoke, or stop: the WHO and NCI name smoking as a factor that helps infection progress towards cancer.
- Look after your immunity and keep up regular medical follow-up if you have a chronic condition.

## Why have your HPV test at Klinika Gjata in Tirana?

An HPV test is only valuable when the result is interpreted correctly and followed up step by step. At Klinika Gjata, the whole pathway, from the test to colposcopy and biopsy, is handled by the same doctor.

- Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elinda Gjata, MD, Dr. Sc.: obstetrician-gynaecologist with more than 25 years of experience and Associate Professor at the University of Medicine, Tirana.
- Specialist training in colposcopy in Paris, Lyon and Ascoli Piceno, so the step after a positive test is also in qualified hands.
- An HPV researcher in Albania: co-author of the 2025 study “The influence of parents’ knowledge on HPV vaccine uptake — evidence from Albania” (Journal of Infection in Developing Countries). The study found that only 5.9% of surveyed parents had knowledge about HPV, while 51% wanted more information. She is also co-author of a 2024 review on cervical cancer prevention in South-Eastern Europe.
- Everything in one place: HPV test, Pap test, colposcopy and biopsy are offered at the clinic.
- Clear, non-judgemental explanations: every result is explained in plain words, with a concrete follow-up plan.
- Caring for women in Tirana since 2009.

Klinika Gjata is on Rruga Hasan Sufa, Tirana. To book a visit, call +355 4 234 0059.

## How much does an HPV test cost? What affects the price

The price of an HPV test is not the same for every patient, because it depends on what you actually need. The main factors are:

- The type of test: high-risk HPV testing with or without genotyping (16/18 separately, or extended genotyping).
- Co-testing: whether a Pap test (liquid-based cytology) is also run on the same sample.
- The gynaecological visit: the consultation and examination that go with taking the sample.
- Ultrasound or other tests, if needed at the same time.
- Further steps, if needed: colposcopy, biopsy and histology are separate procedures.

For accurate information on the price for your situation, call Klinika Gjata on +355 4 234 0059. Note that Albania’s national screening programme offers the HPV test free at public health centres to women in the invited age group.

## Frequently asked questions

### What are the symptoms of HPV?

Most HPV infections cause no symptoms at all. Low-risk types can cause genital warts. High-risk types usually give no signs until cell changes are advanced, which is why screening is the only way to find them early. Bleeding after sex or between periods needs a gynaecological visit.

### Can HPV be cured?

There is no medicine that removes the virus, but in most cases the immune system clears it by itself. According to the WHO, around 90% of infections clear within 1–2 years. The cell changes the virus causes can be treated successfully when found in time.

### If I am HPV positive, does it mean I have cancer?

No. A positive test means a high-risk virus is present, not cancer. Most HPV-positive women never develop cancer. The result shows that follow-up is needed, such as a Pap test, a repeat test or colposcopy, depending on the HPV type and other results.

### What does HPV 16 or HPV 18 positive mean?

HPV 16 and 18 are the highest-risk types and, according to the WHO, cause around 76% of cervical cancers. When they are found, the doctor usually recommends colposcopy, even if the Pap test is normal. This does not mean you have a lesion, only that you need a careful check.

### Is there an HPV test for men?

There is no routine screening test for men as there is for women. Men usually have no symptoms, and most infections clear by themselves. Genital warts are diagnosed by clinical examination. Any changes in the genital or anal area or the throat should be checked by the relevant doctor.

### HPV positive after many years with the same partner: does it mean infidelity?

Not necessarily. HPV can stay hidden in the body for years without being detected and show up on a test much later. A positive result does not show when, or from whom, the infection was acquired.

### Does the HPV test hurt?

Usually not. You may feel pressure or mild discomfort when the speculum is inserted, and taking the sample lasts only a few seconds. There may be a little spotting afterwards. If you feel anxious, tell the doctor so the procedure can be adapted.

### Can I have an HPV test during my period?

It is better not to. Blood can lower the quality of the sample, especially if a Pap test is also being done. Book the test for around 5 days after your period ends.

### How often should I have an HPV test?

The WHO recommends HPV testing every 5–10 years from age 30 when the result is negative. Women living with HIV should start at 25 and be checked more often. After a positive result or treatment, intervals are shorter and set by your doctor.

### Can you get HPV without penetrative sex?

Yes. HPV spreads through intimate genital skin-to-skin contact and through oral or anal sex, even without penetration. It can therefore be caught from the first sexual contacts. It is not caught from toilets or swimming pools.

### Is the HPV vaccine worth it if I am already HPV positive?

The vaccine does not cure an existing infection, but it can protect against other types you have not had. In some cases it is also discussed after treatment of cervical lesions. The decision is made individually with your doctor, based on your age and history.

### Is the HPV vaccine free in Albania?

Yes. Since November 2022 the HPV vaccine has been part of the national immunisation calendar and is offered free to girls, starting with 13-year-olds, at public health centres. Ask your health centre or paediatrician about the current age group.

### Can I have HPV in my mouth or throat?

Yes, HPV can also infect the mouth and throat, mainly through oral sex. Most infections clear by themselves. Some high-risk types are linked to oropharyngeal cancer. Persistent changes in the mouth or throat should be seen by a specialist.

### Are genital warts dangerous?

Genital warts are mainly caused by HPV 6 and 11, low-risk types that do not cause cancer. They are treated by a doctor. However, having them does not rule out infection with other types, so cervical screening continues as planned.

### Can HPV come back after a negative test?

Yes, it can. A new infection can be acquired, or an old one can reactivate, especially when immunity is weakened. That is why check-ups continue at the intervals your doctor sets, even after a negative test.

### Does smoking affect HPV?

Yes. According to the NCI and the WHO, smoking makes persistent high-risk HPV infection and progression to precancerous lesions more likely. Stopping smoking is one of the most useful steps after a positive test.

### Do I need an HPV test after a hysterectomy?

It depends on why you had the operation and whether the cervix was also removed. If the hysterectomy was for cervical lesions, or if the cervix was kept, follow-up may continue. Ask your gynaecologist about your case.

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- [Transvaginal ultrasound](https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/transvaginal-ultrasound/)
- [Abdominal ultrasound](https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/abdominal-ultrasound/)
- [Doppler ultrasound](https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/doppler-ultrasound/)
- [Colposcopy](https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/colposcopy/)
- [Pap smear test](https://klinikagjata.com/en/services/ultrasound-exams/pap-smear-test/)

> The information on this page is general and does not replace a medical consultation.

- **Address:** Rruga Hasan Sufa, Pall. 3, Shk. 2, Ap. 12, Tiranë, Albania
- **Phone:** +355 4 234 0059
- **WhatsApp:** +355 69 400 6677
- **Email:** klinikagjata@hotmail.com
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